{"id":1267,"date":"2019-12-03T13:25:52","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T13:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/?p=1267"},"modified":"2019-12-03T13:25:59","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T13:25:59","slug":"mass-spectrum-of-chlorine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/mass-spectrum-of-chlorine\/","title":{"rendered":"Mass spectrum of Chlorine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Chlorine <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Explanation <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chlorine\nis a chemical element with the symbol Cl<\/strong>\nand it has atomic number 17. Chlorine is the second member of halogen group it\nhas similar properties like fluorine, bromine and iodine. Chlorine has\nelectronic configuration [Ne] 3s2<\/sup>3p5   <\/sup>with\nthe seven electrons in the third outermost shell acting as its valence\nelectrons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chlorine has two stable isotopes: chlorine \u2013 35\nand chorine \u2013 37. The atomic weight of chlorine given on the periodic table is\n35.47 u. Different isotopes have different relative abundances ,chlorine \u2013 35\nhas a relative abundance of 75.76% ,whereas chlorine \u2013 37 has a relative\nabundance of 24.24%. Chlorine -35 is about 3 times more abundant than chlorine\n\u2013 37, the weighted average is closer to 35 than 37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mass spectrum of Chlorine   <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chlorine is such an element which contain more\nthan one atom per molecule. It has two isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37, so it contain\n3 atoms of Cl-35 and 1 atom of Cl-37. It consist of molecules so when it passed\ninto the ionization chamber, the electrons are knocked off, and give molecular\nion, Cl2<\/sub>+<\/sup>. The ions are not stable so some will form\nchlorine atom and a Cl+ <\/sup>ion. This process is called fragmentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Cl2<\/sub>+<\/sup>\n\u2192 Cl + Cl+ <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cl atom is neither accelerated nor deflected in the machine it is not ionized in the ionization chamber and simply lost. But Cl+<\/sup> ions will pass through the machine and give lines at 35 and 37 it is depend upon isotopes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mass Spectrometry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mass spectrometry is an important method which is used to identify elements and compounds by their mass spectrum. Mass spectrometry is a technique used to determine relative isotopic masses of different elements and relative abundance of the isotopes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nall types of mass spectroscopy they include vaporing atoms or molecules in high\nvacuum and create electron bombardment to generate a beam of positive ions\ncalled ionization. Mass spectrometer separates and counts the numbers of\ndifferent positive ions particles are released, the resulting product from the\ndetector is known as mass spectrum (plural mass spectra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These\nare different types of mass spectrometer:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 Method No. 1. Deflection Mass Spectrometer:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It is also called as TOF type. Deflection mass spectrometer consists of ionization, acceleration the positive ions, which in turn deflection of ions and ion detection followed by deflection, separation and detection.  The substance which is to be analyzed is injected in the high vacuum tube system which has extremely low pressure particles are ionized through colliding with beam of high speed electron. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

 In the above diagram the symbol K as sample\nand Q as high voltage supply label. High voltage electron gun falls a beam of\nhigh energy electrons from a heated metal element into the vaporized sample\nunder analysis and causes ionization of the atoms or molecule form positive\nions. The collision of high energy electrons with atoms or molecules causes\nanother electron to remove the particle as positively charged particle.  The sample must in the gaseous phase, In case\nof chlorine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cl (g)<\/sub> + e–<\/sup>              =        Cl +<\/sup> (g)<\/sub> + e–<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The low pressure vacuum is needed to stop the\nions to collide with air particles which affect the motion of particles to\nreach the ion detector system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negative\nplate as P in above diagram. Negative plates accelerate the positive ions to\nmove through the tube. The moving charge particles create a magnetic field\naround itself which interact with magnetic field of the system at point R [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deflection\nof ions due to magnetic field is label as R. Magnetic field deflect the mono-positive\nions according to their increasing mass towards the ion detection system. All\nlike mass particles move down the tube. Ion detection system is labelled as N. ions\nstrike the ion detection system where they generate a small electrical current.\nThis small current convert into electronic signals appear as ion peaks which\nsent to computer for analysis and display as mass spectrum. The data is\ndisplayed as m\/z<\/strong> versus peak height.\nm\/z <\/strong>means relative mass over charge\nwhich help to know relative atomic mass of ionized particle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ion <\/strong><\/td> Relative mass (m)<\/strong> <\/td> Positive ion charge (z)<\/strong> <\/td> m\/z ratio <\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\n [35<\/sup>Cl]+<\/sup>\n <\/td>\n 37\n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td>\n 35\/1 = 35\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n [35<\/sup>Cl2<\/sub>]+<\/sup>\n <\/td>\n 70\n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td>\n 70\/1 = 70\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n [35<\/sup>Cl2<\/sub>]2+<\/sup>\n <\/td>\n 70\n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td>\n 70\/2 = 35\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The mass spectrum of chlorine is good example of molecular element. Chlorine has two stable isotopes; chlorine-37 (25%) and chlorine -35 (75%).There are five main peaks of isotopes of chlorine of various isotopic monatomic ions. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. [37\n<\/sup>Cl2<\/sub>]+ <\/sup>  m\\z =\n74 ( molecular ion)<\/li>
  2. [37\n<\/sup>Cl 35 <\/sup>Cl]+ <\/sup> m\\z = 72<\/li>
  3. [35\n<\/sup>Cl2<\/sub>]+ <\/sup>  m\/z=\n70 (molecular ion)<\/li>
  4. [37\n<\/sup>Cl]+ <\/sup>m\/z = 37 (monatomic ion)<\/li>
  5. [35\n<\/sup>Cl]+ <\/sup>  m\/z =\n35 (monoatomic ion)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The\npresence of five peaks for chlorine shows the ratio of heights for peaks 1 and\n2 is 3: 1. For bimolecular ions, \u00be of the chlorine isotopes are Cl 35 and \u00bc of\nthe isotope of chlorine is cl37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The\nmass spectrum of an organic compound having chlorine atoms also show different\nmass spectrum. Organic compound having one chlorine atom show molecular peaks\nM+ and M+2.the molecular ion containing 35<\/sup>Cl isotope has relative\natomic mass 78 whereas molecular ion containing 37<\/sup>Cl has relative\natomic mass 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mass spectrum of 2-chloropropane is given below. In this mass spectrum the peak heights of chlorine are in the ratio of 3:1 which show that lighter isotope of chlorine is attached with more number of molecules as compared to the heavier isotope. The fragmentation of 2-chloropropane formed are <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Same pattern of peaks are observed at m\/z = 63 and m\/z = 65 due to chlorine atoms which is attached to CH3<\/sub>CH forming positive ion.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

    The organic compound having two chlorine atoms show three peaks due different combinations of isotopes of chlorine are attached with carbon and hydrogen. The ratio observed in this case is 9:6:1.the compound containing 2 chlorine atom have difference in ratio due to isotopes attached with fragments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Method No. 2. Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    The principle of this method is also include ionization, acceleration to donate constant kinetic energy to all ions, ions drift, ions detection and also data analysis, all things are controlled and carried out with the help of computers now a days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    The\nions are formed similarly through electron bombardment and the ions which are\nproduced as a result of bombardment are accelerated between electrically\ncharged plates. The sample must be in gaseous form, laser beam is used to\naccelerate electrons and produced positive ions. In this process magnetic field\nis not used to separate the positive ions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In\nthis process the ionized particle which has smaller mass has smaller time of\nflight in the drift region so in this case ions are separate on the base of\ntheir time of flight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    t=Kinst<\/sub> \u221a(m\/q)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    t=time\nof flight<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    m=mass\nof ion<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    q=charge\non ion<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u221a=square\nroot of<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kinst<\/sub>\n= a proportionality constant based on the instrument settings and\ncharacteristics e.g. the electric field strength, length of analyzing tube etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    References:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    1. https:\/\/www.chemguide.co.uk\/analysis\/masspec\/elements.html<\/a><\/li>
    2. http:\/\/www.docbrown.info\/page04\/4_71atomMSintro.htm<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Chlorine Explanation Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and it has atomic number 17. Chlorine is the second member of halogen group it has similar properties like fluorine, bromine and iodine. Chlorine has electronic configuration [Ne] 3s23p5   with the seven electrons in the third outermost shell acting as its valence electrons. Chlorine … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rating_form_position":"","rating_results_position":"","mr_structured_data_type":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"multi-rating":{"mr_rating_results":[{"adjusted_star_result":4,"star_result":4,"total_max_option_value":5,"adjusted_score_result":4,"score_result":4,"percentage_result":80,"adjusted_percentage_result":80,"count":1,"post_id":1267}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1267"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1317,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions\/1317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chemdictionary.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}