History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Organic\nchemistry involves the study of compounds containing carbon. Organic chemistry\nis a branch of science that is considered to be originated in 1685 with the\npublication by Lemery of a chemistry book that classifies substances according\nto their origin as mineral, vegetables, or animal. Compounds that are derived\nfrom plants and animals were termed as organic chemistry and those derived from\nnonliving sources were termed as inorganic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Until\n1828, it was considered that the organic compounds cannot be formed other than\nby living plants and animals. This was named as the vital-force theory. People\nbelieved that very seriously that the development of organic chemistry almost\nstopped. In 1828, a scientist named Wohler accidentally found that if ammonium\ncyanate (an inorganic compound) is heated, it causes it to change into urea, a compound\nthat is considered organic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
This\ndiscovery dealt a death blow to the vital-force theory, and by 1850 modern\norganic chemistry became were established. Today approximately 13 million\norganic compounds are known. Many of these are the products of synthetic\nchemistry and similar compounds are not known in nature. Around 70,000 organic\nchemicals are used commercially.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
All organic compounds contain\ncarbon in combination with one or more elements. The hydrocarbons contain only\nhydrogen and carbon. A great many compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and\noxygen, and they are considered to be the major elements. Naturally occurring\ncompounds in minor elements are Sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorous and sometimes\nhalogens and metals. Synthetic compounds may contain besides, a wide variety of\nother elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Characterization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
As organic compounds often\nexist as mixtures, diversified techniques have also been developed to evaluate\nthe purity, especially important being chromatography techniques such as HPLC\nand gas chromatography. Traditional methods of separation include distillation,\ncrystallization, and solvent extraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Different chemical tests were\ncharacterized historically on organic compounds, called “wet\nmethods”, but spectroscopic or other computer-based methods of analysis\nhas taken place of such tests. Some important analytical methods are given as\nfollows<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nuclear\nmagnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy<\/strong> is the most commonly used\ntechnique that permits a complete assignment of atom connectivity and even\nstereochemistry by using correlation spectroscopy. The primary constituent of\norganic chemistry-hydrogen and carbon- exist naturally with NMR-responsive\nisotopes, respectively 1<\/sup>H and 13<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Elemental\nanalysis:<\/strong> To determine the elemental composition of a molecule this\ndestructive method is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mass\nspectrometry<\/strong> describes the molecular weight of a compound\nand its structure with the help of fragmentation patterns. With the help of\nhigh-resolution mass spectrometry, we can identify the exact formula of a\ncompound. The old spectrometry was limited to neutral molecules that exhibit\nvolatility to some extent but in the latest ionization techniques, we can get\nthe mass spec of any organic compound. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Crystallography-<\/strong> it is\nuseful for determining the molecular geometry of a single crystal of material\nis available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The physical properties of\norganic compounds include both quantitative and qualitative features.\nQuantitative features involve melting point, boiling point, and refraction\nindex. Qualitative features include odor, consistency, color, and solubility. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Almost\nall of the organic compounds melt and boil. On the other hand, inorganic\ncompounds generally can be melted, most of them do not boil and tend to\ndegrade. In the old days, the melting and boiling points explain the crucial\ninformation on the purity and identity of the organic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The\nmelting and boiling points correlate with the polarity of the molecules and\ntheir molecular weight. Few organic compounds, especially the symmetrical ones\nelevated that they evaporate without melting. For example,\npara-dichlorobenzene. Most of the organic compounds may not remain stable at\nvery high temperatures like above 300 C, but some exceptions may also exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neutral\norganic compounds tend to be hydrophobic i.e. they are less soluble in water\nthan in organic solvents. Exceptions include the organic compounds that are\nionizable groups also the low molecular weight alcohols, amines and carboxylic\nacids where hydrogen bonding occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The\norganic compounds tend to dissolve in organic solvents. These solvents can\neither be pure substances like ether or ethyl alcohol or mixtures such as\nparaffinic solvents like white spirits and petroleum ethers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The\nsolubility in the different solvents depends upon the solvent type and on the\nfunctional groups if present in the solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The names of the organic\ncompounds are either systematic that follows logically a set of rules while the\nnon-systematic follows various traditions. There are more than 6million known organic\ncompounds. Therefore, the nomenclature is very important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Find the longest carbon chain\nin the molecule. This will tell us the base of the name<\/p>\n\n\n\nProperties<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Nomenclature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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